![]() ![]() ![]() According to some authors, the inconsistent patterns of findings across the handedness literature in non-human primates reflect differences in the behavior measured and in the sample size of subjects ( Hopkins, 1999, 2013a, b Hopkins and Cantalupo, 2005). Therefore, it remains unclear which factors primarily drive the expression of handedness in non-human primates. terrestrial species), and the manual tasks used for assessing hand preferences (see McGrew and Marchant, 1997 Papademetriou et al., 2005 Hopkins, 2007). wild subjects), ecology of the species (arboreal vs. In the non-human primate literature, the collective studies on handedness reveal divergent patterns of hand preference within and between the species but also show large variability concerning the method of data collection, sample size, environment of the subjects (e.g., captive vs. Regarding the phylogenetic proximity between human and non-human primates, studying hand preferences within a comparative approach among primates might help evaluate different evolutionary models of handedness ( Hopkins, 2013a). Some authors argue that right-handedness is a hallmark of human evolution ( Warren, 1980 Ettlinger, 1988 Crow, 2004), whereas there is a growing body of evidence of population-level behavioral and brain asymmetries in a host of vertebrates ( MacNeilage et al., 2009 Rogers et al., 2013) including also some reports of population-level of right-handedness in non-human primates ( Hopkins et al., 2007). Whether population-level handedness can be dated back even further in Hominid evolution remains a topic of intense debate ( MacNeilage et al., 1987 McGrew and Marchant, 1997 Hopkins, 2006 Cashmore et al., 2008 Uomini, 2009). Such lateralization is one of the main expressions of the hemispheric specialization of the human brain and presumably reflects a dominance of the left hemisphere for manual motor skills ( Springer and Deutsch, 1993 Hammond, 2002). However, for all species, the proportion of subjects with inconsistent hand preferences between the tasks was relatively high suggesting some measures may be more sensitive in assessing handedness than others.Īll human populations have been shown to exhibit a predominance of right-handedness ( Perelle and Ehrman, 1994 Abell et al., 1999 Annett, 2002 Raymond and Pontier, 2004), particularly for complex motor actions ( Marchant et al., 1995 Fagard and Marks, 2000). We found that the ratio of subjects with consistent right compared to left hand use was more prevalent in bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas but not orangutans. In a subsample of apes, we also compared consistency in hand use for simple reaching with previously published data on a task that measures handedness for bimanual actions. There was no significant sex effect on the patterns of handedness. Grasping with the thumb and index finger was more prevalent in the right compared to left hand in all four species. We also found a significant effect of the grip morphology of hand use. Overall, we found a significant right hand bias for reaching. In the initial study, we assessed the influence of grip morphology on hand use for simple reaching in a sample of 564 great apes including 49 orangutans Pongo pygmaeus, 66 gorillas Gorilla gorilla, 354 chimpanzees Pan troglodytes and 95 bonobos Pan paniscus. 11Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USAĪ number of factors have been proposed to influence within and between species variation in handedness in non-human primates.10Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.9Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.8Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA.7Smithsonian’s National Zoo, Washington, DC, USA.6The Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Atlanta, GA, USA.5Department of Biology, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA. ![]() 4Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA.3CNRS, Laboratoire d’Éthologie Animale et Humaine EthoS, UMR 6552, Université de Rennes 1, Paimpont, France.2Department of Psychology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, USA.1CNRS, Laboratory of Cognitive Psychology, UMR 7290, Brain and Language Research Institute, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.Mahovetz 4, Scott Milne 5, Tara Stoinski 6, Amanda Bania 7, Elizabeth Lonsdorf 8, Jennifer Schaeffer 9, Jamie Russell 9 and William D. Phillips 2, Amandine Chapelain 3, Lindsay M. ![]()
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